Testing and proof are complementary. Testing, including property-based testing and fuzzing, is powerful: it catches bugs quickly, cheaply, and often in surprising ways. But testing provides confidence. Proof provides a guarantee. The difference matters, and it is hard to quantify how high the confidence from testing actually is. Software can be accompanied by proofs of its correctness, proofs that a machine checks mechanically, with no room for error. When AI makes proof cheap, it becomes the stronger path: one proof covers every possible input, every edge case, every interleaving. A verified cryptographic library is not better engineering. It is a mathematical guarantee.
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另一名美国官员称，许多企业此前通过第三国供应商间接采购钪，但中国要求许可证申请人申报最终用户，这使外绕路径受到掣肘。“我们的判断是，中国正有针对性地对半导体行业施加压力。”该官员说。